First Edition
Published September 3, 2015
Second
Edition Published August 5, 2016
Third
Edition Published July 15, 2018
Fourth
Edition Published February 19, 2022
Copyright by Fred Blair
Recent additions and changes are in blue text.
October 4, 1812
At Prescott
Colonel
Robert Lethbridge, Inspecting Field Officer of the Militia, had ordered all
available militia to assemble at Prescott for a raid on Ogdensburg in
retaliation for the American raid on Gananoque in September. He assembled 25 bateaux, 2 gunboats, 125 men
from the Glengarry Light Infantry Fencible Regiment and about 600 men from the
Glengarry, Dundas, and Grenville Militias.
Unfortunately, his plans to attack were obvious to the Americans across
the river and they prepared their defences for engagement. Battery fire on the British bateaux crossing
the river quickly forced them back. At
least 3 men were killed and 9 wounded.[1]
October 6, 1812
On the Niagara Frontier
A
Garrison Order at Fort George required that the militia men there to be armed
from day break until dusk. One third of
the men were to sleep fully clothed with their arms at hand.[2]
Sergeant
Thomas Humberstone was given a leave of absence from Captain Duncan Cameron’s
Flank Company of the 3rd York Militia by order of Major General
Brock. He was to serve as Brock’s
orderly at Fort George.[3]
[4]
October 7, 1812
At
Prescott
Oliver Everts of Augusta Township had supplied the British commissary
and barracks at Prescott with:
12 buckets at 3 shillings, 6 pence each
8 axe helves (handles) at 7 shillings and one-half pence
each
131 pounds of candles at 1 shilling, 3 pence per pound
On
November 6th, he delivered an additional 94 and a half pounds of
candles.[5]
On the Niagara River
A British convoy, including the
brigs Caledonia and Adams, arrived at Fort Erie at the head of the Niagara
River on October 8th. The
Caledonia had formerly belonged to the North West Company and the Adams had
been captured at Detroit in August.[6]
John R. Williams was among a group
of American citizens who had received permission to sail to New York State when
the two brigs left the Detroit area on October 1st. When the vessels arrived at Fort Erie the
American passengers were given permission to cross over to Buffalo in small
boats at sunset on the 8th.
Most of Williams’ baggage was left on the deck of the Caledonia to be
brought over later. In Buffalo, he
learned that the Americans planned to cross the river and attempt to capture
the British vessels that night. Williams
planned to remain awake until the Caledonia was brought over to the harbour at
Black Rock so he could reclaim his baggage.
He estimated that the attack began
about three o’clock in the morning. He
proceeded from Buffalo to Black Rock at that time and saw the vessels Caledonia
and Detroit drifting down the river. The
Caledonia was brought into the harbour and Williams made several attempts to
board it during intermittent fire from across the river. He managed to remove some of his baggage but
was later compelled to leave the vessel by the new American commander. Although the Americans unloaded the vessel
during the day, he was unable to recover his property and had to eventually
leave Black Rock without it. He noted
that the British guns had struck the brig in the rudder, hull, and quarter.
After the war the North West Company
made a war loss claim for the value of their lost brig and Williams wrote his
testimony of the event for that claim.[7]
Williams also made his own war loss
claim to the American House of Representatives.
October 10, 1812
The
Adams had drifted down river to Squaw Island where there had been a contest to
possess it. Captain John Norton and his
warriors marched there from Niagara during the night and observed the burnt
remnant of the vessel when they arrived in the morning. They observed a number of American troops on
the opposite shore marching down river.[8]
In York
An
advertisement appeared in a Town of York newspaper reporting that the Reverend
John Strachan had opened a school offering classical and common education.[9]
October 11,
1812
On the Niagara River
Captain
John Norton and his warriors marched through the rain back to Niagara.[10]
The
Americans attempted to attack Fort George by crossing the Niagara River in
small boats. Heavy rain and cannon fire
from the fort forced them to turn back.
October 12, 1812
Brock
had ordered Major Thomas Evans to arrange a prisoner exchange with the
Americans across from Queenston. Major
Evans arrived at Queenston on the 12th and proceeded, under musket
fire from across the river, to the home of Captain Thomas Dickson of the 2nd
Lincoln Militia. He asked Mrs. Dickson
for a white handkerchief to use as a flag of truce so that he and the captain
could cross the river to negotiate with the Americans. Mrs. Dickson and others present objected that
the flag would not be respected.
The
two men put their canoe into the river while again under fire, but lost control
of it in the eddies, and the Americans then gave a signal for their men to
cease fire. By the time they reached the
opposite shore they were ankle deep in water but were commanded under threat of
a bayonet not to step out of the canoe.
After a discussion with an American officer, they waited in the canoe
for two hours, at which time they were informed that the Americans had marched
their prisoners to Albany and that it would take two days to bring them
back.
While
waiting, the major had noted that there were boats along the river bank hidden
under brush. The two men returned to
Queenston where the major ordered the Dicksons to abandon their house on the
beach as he feared an attack was imminent.
He then reported his discovery to his senior British officers.[11]
Brock
ordered Colonel Thomas Talbot, Commander of the London District Militia, to
send him 200 men without delay as an attack was expected. The men were to bring blankets and dress
according to the season of the year.[12]
Captain
John Norton recorded that many of his warriors had returned home and he had
only 300 warriors left at Niagara. The
absent warriors had worn out their moccasins marching, were in need of warmer
clothing, and needed to hunt deer to feed their families through the winter.[13]
October 13, 1812
Battle of Queenston Heights
In
his diary, Private Samuel Smith, of the 5th Lincoln Militia,
recorded that he was one of a few men selected from Captain Samuel Hatt’s
Company to join Captain William’s 49th British Regulars on this
day. He also reported that while he was
on guard duty on the Niagara River, he spotted the American boats approaching
and gave the alarm. He was 17 years old
and a resident of Ancaster Township.[14]
Upon
sighting the American boats crossing in the early morning darkness, Captain
John C. Ball of the Provincial Artillery opened fire upon them. The British cannon fire awoke General Brock
from his sleep at Fort George. The
Americans opened fire from Fort Niagara on the Town of Niagara setting some
houses afire. The British at Fort George
returned fire across the river. [15]
The gaol
and a blockhouse at Niagara were bombarded, set on fire, and destroyed. They had held almost 300 prisoners charged
with sedition and treason.[16]
About
four o’clock in the morning, about 60 British 49th Grenadiers and
Captain Hatt’s militia advanced with a 3 pounder towards the first American
landing party. As the Americans were
closely grouped together on the shore, the British exchange of fire wounded
Colonel Van Rensselaer and 3 of his captains.
More of the British advanced to engage the Americans, while the 49th
Light Infantry and Captain John Chisholm’s 2nd York Militia Company
fired down from the top of the escarpment.[17]
Three
American bateaux that could not make the planned landing above Queenston came
ashore in the hollow below Mr. Hamilton’s garden in the town and were met by a
party of regulars and militia who killed some of the Americans and took the
rest prisoner.[18]
The
halfway point on the road between Niagara and Queenston was at Brown’s
Point. The 3rd York Militia
Flank Companies were stationed there and at Vrooman’s Point under Captains
Duncan Cameron and Stephen Heward.
Sentries reported the flash of gunfire at Queenston and the militia were
ordered under arms. A rider was
dispatched to Queenston for information, but just after he left a rider arrived
from the town with orders for the two companies to march at once to Queenston
to engage the crossing Americans.
Lieutenant
William Jarvie of Captain Cameron’s Company was dispatched to alert Fort
George. Halfway to Niagara, he passed
Major General Brock riding towards Queenston.
He had difficulty reining in his horse and yelled for the general to
stop. Brock did not yield and Jarvie was
forced to turn about and catch up to him to deliver his messages. As they both rode towards Queenston, Brock
issued orders for Jarvie to head to Fort George and tell General Sheaffe to
send all of the reserve and that the small party of Indigenous warriors should
occupy the woods near the fort.
The
lieutenant wheeled about for the fort but had not gone far when he encountered
Colonel John Macdonell in pursuit of Brock.
In his hurry to ride out the colonel had left his sword behind. After a brief discussion, Macdonell borrowed
Jarvie’s sword and requested that Jarvie collect the colonel’s sword at the
fort and bring it with him upon his return to Queenston.[19]
John
Richardson referred to Lieutenant William Jarvie as Lieutenant Jarvis. Both men were also named William and served
in the 3rd York Militia.
These two lieutenants have been confused with each other a number of
times.
Captain
John Norton was ordered to get his warriors at Niagara ready for battle. Lieutenant Colonel Evans then informed him
that the Americans were landing at Queenston and to proceed there as soon as
possible and he and his warriors began running there.[20]
Laura
Secord later wrote that she had left Queenston with cannon balls flying about
her in every direction.[21]
Laura
fled with her children to her relatives in St. David’s, about three miles
away. She returned home by herself after
the fighting had ceased to find wounded men laying everywhere. Her husband, James, was among them, wounded
in the knee and shoulder. An officer
helped her carry James to his home.[22]
Robert
Campbell’s store in the Town of Niagara was hit twice by hot shot. The shot cut away two shelves and broke glass
decanters, tumblers, drinking glasses, and crockery.[23]
When
American cannons set fire to some of the houses in Queenston a group of militia
men collected water buckets and attempted to put the fires out.[24]
James
Bunting of Louth Township took care of four wounded men in his home. Two were Upper Canadian militia men and two
were from the 49th Regiment.[25]
William
Albertson and his father, David Albertson, were residents of Trafalgar Township
in western York County. On June 4, 1812,
he had been selected to serve in the 1st Flank Company of the 2nd
York Militia under Captain John Chisholm.
He took part in Brock’s charge up the escarpment and was within a few
feet of the general when he was killed.
William received a head wound himself but fought on and took part in Sheaffe’s
capture of the Americans later in the day.[26]
A militia payroll
indicated that he was in the hospital from at least October 25th to
November 24th.[27]
Captain John Chisholm’s
Flank Company was stationed on top of the heights with the British regulars
when the Americans began crossing the river.
Before Brock arrived in the town, the British on the heights had
descended to the Town of Queenston to help defend it.[28]
While the
Americans were driven back, a party of them found the way onto the escarpment,
and most of the American force joined them there. Brock attempted to charge up the escarpment
with a small force but was killed.
Officers
of the 3rd York advanced up the escarpment with some regular
infantry after Brock’s death. As the
Americans were firing from behind trees, they ordered their men to take cover
behind trees as well and return fire.
Captain Duncan Cameron was bruised on the thigh by a musket ball while
aiding a wounded colonel. Most of the
officers were killed or wounded and the men were forced to retreat back down
the side of the escarpment.[29]
Indigenous warriors gained the heights and
forced the Americans to cluster their forces together on the field above the
town with the river at their backs, as the warriors fired from the cover of the
woods.
After
Brock was killed, his body was taken down the hill in a stretcher to the Haney
farm where the women washed his clothes and wrapped his body in blankets. The women left the body to take care of their
farm chores. Black smoke filled the air,
the sky was sometimes black as night while at other times the sun shone
through. The farm women wore pieces of
cloth over their mouths to aid breathing.
The cows came in early for milking thinking that it was evening. About this time Brock’s body was taken away.[30]
The
Haney men were thought to have been serving with the 2nd Lincoln
Militia during the battle.
John
Stiver reported that he had been serving as an orderly to Major Glegg of the 41st
Regiment. He had the stirrup shot off
his saddle and the major “had two horses shot from under him.” After Major Hill was wounded, John was
ordered to take him to the hospital and “had to be away for some time from the
action.”
John
later joined Captain Merritt’s Dragoons and was captured in June, 1813. Anne Gesso aided him in his escape from Fort
Niagara.[31]
Within a
few miles of Queenston, Captain John Norton heard that Brock was dead and that
the Americans were advancing through the woods towards Niagara to the west of
the road. John did not believe this
report as he knew that those woods were almost impassable because of fallen
trees. He ordered the warriors into the
woods and took the circuitous route to the west of the American forces on top
of the heights. They proceeded in 5 or 6
single file groups but only encountered a few militia men fleeing the battle
who reported that thousands of Americans were pursuing them. Upon hearing this report most of the warriors
returned to Niagara to defend their families there. By the time that John’s warriors reached the
heights they were reduced to about 80 warriors.
People that they encountered told them where the Americans were on top
of the heights and John divided his force into three files that separately
approached up through the woods on the west side of the Americans. They were the first defenders to attack them
from on the heights. The three groups of
warriors took turns attacking. When a
group of Americans advanced upon one group of warriors they would retire and
another group would engage the Americans from a different angle. The Americans would retreat back to their
main force and a third group would then engage the main force to entice them to
advance again. John gave a more detailed
report of these engagements in his recollections. While the British army was assembled on the
open field to the south, John’s warriors were reinforced with some Cayuga that
doubled the warrior’s number.[32]
This
strategy was credited with forcing the Americans on the height to waste their
ammunition firing at warriors hidden in the woods to the extent that they only
had enough to fire one volley at the British army when they arrived later. Although the Americans had requested
reinforcements and more supplies from their general, he escaped back across the
river with the last boat and was unable to rally support.
Sheaffe
arrived and marched the British around the heights and positioned his army south
of the Americans before ordering a charge that forced the Americans to
surrender. Among the Upper Canadian
corps and militias present on his left flank were the Coloured Corps.
Captain William
Applegarth’s 2nd Flank Company of the 2nd York Militia
had been stationed in the Town of Queenston when the fighting began. Serving in his company were the three Shoup
bothers, Adam, George, and John.[33]
Adam and John had
volunteered for service in this company in June. The brother’s presence during the battle was
unusual as their family were Mennonites and were exempted from carrying arms.[34]
Sir
John Beverley Robinson, born in 1791 in Lower Canada, was the son of a Loyalist
who arrived in Upper Canada in 1792.
John studied law and was articled to Attorney General John Macdonald. When war broke out, he accepted a commission
as a lieutenant in the 3rd York Militia and was present at the Battle of
Queenston Heights where Macdonald was killed with Brock. Lieutenant Robinson escorted American
prisoners to Kingston after the battle.
When he returned to York a number of people congratulated him on his
promotion. He suspected that he had been
made a captain but was surprised to learn that he had been made the acting
attorney general of the province. In
1814, he served as the prosecutor at the treason trial at the Ancaster Assizes.[35]
He
had also been present at the Capture of Detroit in August and was taken
prisoner at the American Capture of York in 1813.[36]
Captain
Duncan Cameron of the 3rd York Militia reported that he had lost
three privates during the battle. Thomas
Smith of the Town of York had been killed, Andrew Kennedy of Markham Township
had been disabled, and Thomas Major of Pickering Township had been disabled. None of the three men had a wife at the time
but Thomas left five children.[37]
Thomas
Smith’s wife died soon after he did when she gave birth to twins. In 1815, Thomas Simson had the care of one of
the two-year old twins and the five-year old boy. John Thomson had the other twin and Andrew
Thomson had the eight-year old girl. The
twins were granted ten pounds each and the older children eight.[38]
In 1817, Thomas Smith Sr. received a
pension as the guardian of his son’s children.[39]
On
February 19, 1813, the Loyal and Patriotic Society provided financial support
to Andrew Kennedy who had
lost his leg while serving in the militia, Thomas Major who was badly wounded
in the leg, and John Tyrae who was badly wounded in both legs were all to
receive aid. Andrew and Thomas each
received two pounds and John received three.
John Kennedy, Andrew’s father also received a weekly allowance. They had all served in Captain Duncan
Cameron’s Flank Company of the 3rd York Militia.[40]
The
unusual frequency of leg wounds here may have been the result of American
muskets being fired at the limits of their range and the musket balls losing
height over that distance. However,
Thomas Major recorded that he had lost his calf to a six-pound shot.[41]
John
Richardson reported that nine Indigenous warriors supporting the British were
killed. Cruikshank recorded five of
their names as,
Chief
Ayanete, Cayuga
Chief Kayentatirhon,
Cayuga
Ta
Kanentye, Onondaga
Kayarawagor,
Oneida
Sakangonguquate, Oneida[42]
Upper Canadian Casualties, Killed or Died of Wounds
Private
Walter Bates, 2nd York, November 24, 1812
Private
Henry Cope, 2nd York, October 13, 1812[43]
Private
Joseph Crawford, 3rd York, died of wounds
Private
Simon Devins, 3rd York, December 10, 1812
Private John Gordon, 5th
Lincoln, about October 24, 1812[44]
Private
Thomas Smith, 3rd York, October 13, 1812[45]
Private Timothy
Street, 2nd York, October 24, 1812[46]
Private
Johnston Yeomans, 3rd York, December 24, 1812[47]
Upper Canadian Wounded
Captain
Duncan Cameron, elbow, 3rd York Militia
John
Fryar, both legs
William
Heron
Private
Andrew Kennedy, lost a leg, 3rd York Militia[48]
Lieutenant
Archibald MacLean, leg wound, 3rd York Militia
Private
Thomas Major, 3rd York Militia
Captain
James Secord, 1st Lincoln Militia
Private
Daniel Steward, 1st Lincoln Militia
Private
John Tirer, 3rd Yok Militia
Private
David Treanor, 5th Lincoln Militia [49]
[50]
Mary
Sutherland, the wife of Charles Sutherland, applied for aid on the basis that
her husband was killed at the battle but an investigation revealed that he had deserted
to the enemy.[51]
Private
Thomas Smith’s children were orphaned by his death and they passed into the
care of William Smith Sr.[52]
Private
John Tirer was wounded in both legs by a musket ball. He would not be able to return home until
November 10th.[53]
October 14, 1812
Private
Richard Hill of Grimsby rode his horse to Fort George with members of the 4th
Lincoln Militia. While he left his horse
unattended, Indigenous warriors attached to the British army stole his horse,
saddle, and bridle.[54]
There
was a shortage of horses and oxen throughout the war and theft was common. Many horses also died of over work or work-related
injuries.
Private
John Campbell of the 1st Lincoln Militia suffered an accident and
received a pension after the war for his disability.[55]
October 15, 1812
Brigade
Major Thomas Evans at Fort George completed a Return of British Casualties at
Queenston which reported that the Lincoln Artillery had one rank and file wounded,
the Lincoln Militia had one adjutant (McIntyre), one sergeant, twelve rank and
file wounded, and ten rank and file missing, the York Militia had two rank and
file killed, one lieutenant, one sergeant, fifteen rank and file wounded, and
five rank and file missing.[56]
October 16, 1812
Brock’s Funeral
A
District General Order from Fort George outlined the procession for the funeral
of Major General Brock and Lieutenant Colonel Macdonnell. It included sixty men from the militia with
one captain. Macdonnell’s body was
escorted by Captains Cameron and Crooks, Lieutenants Jarvis, Robinson, and
Ridout, and Joseph Edwards, Esq. The
chief mourners included Mr. Dickson and Captain Cameron. Brock’s body was escorted by Colonels Claus
and Butler of the militia and Captain Powell of the militia artillery. The officers were to wear crape on the left
arm and on their sword knots, and all officers throughout the province were to
wear crape on their left arm for a month.[57]
Another
order declared that two-thirds of the 1st and 2nd Norfolk
Militia Regiments were to proceed to Chippawa and two-thirds of the 1st
Oxford and 1st Middlesex Militia Regiments were to proceed to
Queenston. The men were to bring all
their arms and ammunition and a blanket each.[58]
At York
A Garrison Order at Fort York required the following guard
duties. Twenty-four men at the prison,
eleven men at the barracks, four men at the island, four men at the landing, eight
men at the town block house, eighteen men for other duty, and militia detachments
to fulfill the rest of the duties.[59]
The
vessel Duke of Gloucester was to be made ready to take on prisoners of war and
to be placed between the garrison and “Crookshank’s” house. As many prisoners as possible were to be put
aboard and the remainder to be placed in the gaol. Captain Button of the 1st York
Cavalry was to order a dragoon to patrol between the garrison and the landing
frequently, both day and night. The captain
of the day was to visit the vessel during the day and night and to report on
the state of the prisoners.[60]
Officers
commanding companies of the 3rd York Militia were to immediately pay
for any missing barrack bedding. The
quarter master was to pay for the loss of his bedding and utensils. The money was to be paid to the Barracks
Master and he was to issue receipts. The
commanding officers were to present these receipts to Major William Allan. All officers upon arriving at the garrison
were to peruse Major Allan’s Order Book.[61]
October 17, 1812
Captain
Eli Playter of the 3rd York Militia, in York Township, reported that
only half of his company reported for duty.
On the following day, he visited some of the missing men’s homes but
could not find them there.[62]
Officers
of the garrison at Fort York were to wear crape on their left arm “as a tribute
of respect to the memory of their late deeply lamented General.”[63]
In
Kingston
The
Kingston Gazette advertised that 600-pounds of fresh beef was required daily
from November 1st to February 24th, 1813 for his
Majesty’s troops stationed in the town.
People who could supply part or all of this demand were asked to contact
the gazette.
On page
three, another request was made for 500 barrels of both pork and flour for the
months from December to March.
On page four, was a description of the Village of Sandwich, opposite
Detroit. The land had been settled along
the Detroit River from Lake St. Clair, ten miles above the village, to Malden
or Amherstburg, fifteen miles below. Roads
there were excellent and most of the British ships on Lakes Erie and Huron were
made there. There was also a settlement
on the Thames River, about thirty miles above Sandwich, composed mostly of
people who had fled the United States to escape justice. There was another important settlement on the
north shore of Lake Erie at Long Point.
Sandwich was about three hundred miles from Fort Erie and the roads
between them were tolerable. Most of the
inhabitants around Sandwich were French.[64]
October 18, 1812
On the
Niagara Frontier
An
order directed Captain Selby’s Company of the 1st York to leave Fort
George and encamp at Gilbert’s house on the Niagara River.[65]
At York
Garrison
Order, “Any woman who presumes to bring liquor into the Garrison will be turned
out of Barracks and deprived of her rations.
The Sentry at the Gate will examine every soldier’s wife that comes in
& prevent her bringing in any liquor.” [66]
October 19, 1812
Men
guarding the prisoners were to be selected as being fit in every respect. They were to be steady, sober, and strong in
body and character.
The
barracks guard was to supply Doctor Lee with a boat and crew whenever he wished
to visit the prisoners of war on board the Gloucester.
Two
muskets were to be fired as an alarm aboard the Gloucester if any of the
prisoners attempted to escape. This
would alert the guards at the town block house, island, and landing to watch
for escaped prisoners. Men were also to
be sent to the beach. The guards were to
report the alarm to their commanders.
The
militia arms, ammunition, and accoutrements of the militia companies in the
garrison were to be inspected by Colonel Short on the following Thursday. Any repairs required were to be completed
before then. A report was to be made of
any additional arms that were required for garrison duty.[67]
Doctor
William Lee was the surgeon assigned to the 1st and 3rd
York and 1st Durham Militias and to Button’s Cavalry.[68]
General
Sheaffe ordered Captain Peter Robinson’s Rifle Company of the 1st
York Militia and Captain Burn’s Company to embark for Fort George.[69]
Who
was Captain Burn’s?
American
prisoners at the York garrison, including those on the Gloucester, were to be
placed on the Royal George for transportation to Kingston as soon as the wind
permitted. Major William Allan of the 3rd
York Militia was to accompany the prisoners.
At Kingston, the major was to take charge of all American prisoners on
board the King’s vessels.[70]
October 20, 1812
At Fort George
A
piquet guard of militia was to patrol from the light house to the centre of the
cannonade battery beyond the bateaux creek and to watch the beach.[71]
October 21, 1812
At Fort
York
Militia
officers were to ensure that all the men in each company had the same arms in
order to ensure that each company received the correct ammunition. Some companies had two or more types of arms,
which made the sorting of ammunition for each company more complicated.[72]
Militia
detachments at Fort York were to receive 120 additional arms.[73]
A
General Order commended those who had served during the Battle of Queenston
Heights. Joseph Willcocks was one of
those mentioned in the order. He would
later desert to the Americans and be given command of the Canadian Volunteers.[74]
October 22, 1812
General
Sheaffe arrived in York and was sworn in as President.[75]
At
Fort York, militia officers were to prepare their muster rolls and payrolls up
to October 24th. The adjutant
was to have the forms ready in the orderly room. Men transferred into the Rifle Corps were to
appear on the rolls up to the date of their transfer. Captain Peter Robinson of the Rifle Corps was
to add these men to his roll on the following date.
Commanding
officers were to add the first letter of their name on the inside of the scrip
on each fire lock and number each one in the rolls.
The
officer of the barrack guard of the militia was to ensure that lights were out
after taps and to “correct any irregularities he may perceive in any of the
rooms.”
The
barrack master was to deliver a half cord of wood weekly to Doctor Lee for the
use of the hospital. The wood was to be
taken from the supply of the corps in the garrison according to their relative
strength.[76]
Payroll
periods were from the 25th day to the 24th day of the
following month.
Commanding militia officers at Fort
York were to ensure that their men had either lead or leather covers for the
flints of their firelocks at the parade on the following morning as Captain
Glegg would be inspecting arms. Officers
were also to provide their men with pickers for their firelocks. The pickers were to be suspended from the
men’s belts.
Three men from each company were to
be selected for the great gun exercise at the parade on the following morning.
The officers were to also ensure
that their men did not fire their guns and did not make away with any
ammunition.
Officers granting passes were to
ensure that the time of their return was on the pass. No men were to be absent on the twenty fourth
day of each month as that was muster day.
Any man found absent was to lose his full pay and rations.
Officers were to ensure that they
had Provision Returns Books in order to record their weekly reports.[77]
Loss
of pay for absent militia men created problems for those of us trying to
interpret payroll records. As an
example, if a man served in a regiment at Queenston during the battle on the 13th,
was absent on or before the 24th, and was marked as “deserted” and
received no pay, when did he leave? Was
it before, during, or after the battle?
It was much clearer when the date of the desertion was included in the
remarks, but most did not indicate the date.
On the
Niagara Frontier
The
1st Lincoln Militia Companies on duty were ordered to march from
Queenston to Fort George. The 3rd
Lincoln men under Major Warren were to march from Miller’s to
Wintermute’s. Captains Samuel Hatt’s and
James Durand’s 5th Lincoln Flank Companies were to be ready to march
to Chippawa. Three companies of the 5th
Lincoln were to march and occupy quarters at Palmer’s and Andrew Miller’s. A sergeant and six privates from the militia
were to escort prisoners from Fort George to York on board the Regent.[78]
October 24, 1812
Militia
officers stationed at Niagara were to prepare a list of older men they thought
should be sent home.[79]
Although
Sheaffe had ordered about 5000 militia men to report for duty on the Niagara
Frontier, after the Battle of Queenston Heights, the payrolls indicated that
only 846 men were serving there on this date.
That number was to fall in the coming days as more men returned home
despite incentives to stay or return to duty.[80]
At Prescott
Private
Samuel Randolph of the 2nd Grenville Militia was wounded and
received a disability pension after the war.[81]
October 25, 1812
On the
Niagara Frontier
Officers
of the 1st and 4th Lincoln and 2nd York
Militias were promoted and appointed.[82]
At Fort York
The
Major General had noted that the sentry boxes were “cut and disfigured.” Bored guards had been carving words into
the wood. Sentries were to be cautioned that
this practice must cease or be severely punished.
Officers
were to challenge the guards in an “audible voice.” Sentries challenging people passing their
post were to “challenge and receive the countersign at the point of the
bayonet.” If a person was detained the
sentries were not to leave their post while summing the Sergeant of the Guard.[83]
It
would have been interesting to know what graffiti the sentries were carving
into their boxes.
Six
privates from Captain Peter Robinson’s Company of the 1st York
Militia were sent to Michilimackinac in Michigan.[84]
In Kingston
Michael
Smith, an American Anabaptist preacher in Kingston, was waiting for his
passport to cross over to New York State.
In 1816, in his book, Geographical View of Upper Canada, he wrote that
on October 25th, Lieutenant Colonel William Graham of the 1st
York Militia “ordered his battalion to assemble that a number might be drafted
to go to Fort George. Forty of them did
not come but went out to Whitchurch township which was nearly a wilderness and
joined thirty more fugitives that were already there. Some men who were home a few days volunteered
to go and bring them in but since they were not permitted to take arms, they
failed and the number of fugitives increased by the first of December to
300. When on my way to Kingston to
obtain a passport I saw fifty of these people near Smith’s Creek in the
Newcastle District on the main road with fife and drum beating for recruits and
huzzing for Madison. Some of these men
remained in the woods all winter and Indians went out in the spring of 1813 and
drove them into their caves where they were taken. None of the militia in the Newcastle District
bore arms except twelve at Presqu’ Isle harbour. They were universally in favor of the United
States.”[85] This book was one of a number of American
books that defended the declaration of war in 1812 as liberating suppressed
Canadians from British tyranny.
Was
this a reliable report or an exaggeration of dissention in Upper Canada? An official report of how many were in the
woods has not been found. Also, there were
no additional men being sent to Fort George at that time. It would seem unlikely that 300 men were
hidden in Whitchurch Township as the logistics of hiding and supplying them
would have been difficult.
Some
of the 1st York Militia Rolls reported that 20 militia men searched
for 8 days in November to find some deserters who were “hiding in the woods.” Five men were recorded as absent without
leave that month before October 25th. Nine deserted in November and 21 in December.
In the 3rd
York Militia Rolls, there was one report that Andrew Diver had deserted and was
kept hidden in the woods by his family.
Lieutenant Ely Playter recorded in his journal that he had looked for
some of his deserters in the woods as well.
Three men in his company were absent without leave before October 25th. Eleven deserted from the regiment in November
and 10 in December.
Deserters
of the 2nd York Militia would have been unlikely to have fled to
Whitchurch Township as they were living between Etobicoke Township and the
Niagara Frontier.
October 26, 1812
In York
A
Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery was held at York in the
Home District by Justice Thomas Scott.
Henry Ausman was found guilty of assault and battery. George and Catherin Langstreet were witnesses
for the prosecution. Henry was found
guilty and sentenced to be confined for three months, to pay a fine of twelve
pounds and ten shillings, to be detained until the fine was paid, and to find
two sureties for his good behaviour for twelve months and particularly to
George Langstreet for one hundred pounds.
Henry,
alias Prince, was found guilty of petty larceny and was sentenced to be
confined for three months, to be whipped three times with thirty-nine lashes
each time in a most public manner while in confinement.
William
Jones and Charlotte Robinson were found guilty of larceny. They were each to be confined for six months
in solitary and to be whipped with thirty-nine lashes three times during
confinement. William was to be whipped
in public, but Charlotte in private. At
the end of their confinement, they were each to find two sureties for their
good behaviour.[86]
At
Fort York, no militia soldier was to be given leave without the permission of
the commanding officer. Any man
returning from being absent without leave was to be ordered to the garrison
immediately.[87]
October 30, 1812
Dr.
Lee, at Fort York was to receive a return on the strength of the militia corps
in the garrison on October 24th, by the following morning. It was to include women and children, if any
were in the garrison.[88]
Captain
Arnold and his company were to return home from their duty at the York
garrison.[89] Who was Captain Arnold?
October 31, 1812
During
October, Ely Playter delivered a load of hay, cut, raked, and drew in his
buckwheat, bought some tallow, delivered some apples, drew some cord wood for
Mr. Ridout, ground an axe, drew in additional wood, and ploughed his wheat
fields.[90]
There
was a gap in the diary after this date and it did not start up again until
April of 1813.
Benjamin Smith in Ancaster Township continued plowing,
took up his oats, fixed his wagon on a rainy day, went to a Sunday meeting with
his wife Nancy, read his Book on Sundays, fixed his sheep pen, cleaned up his
rye, hauled in his oats, and heard at Terryberry’s that Yankee’s had been taken
prisoner (at Queenston).
Benjamin trained with the 5th
Lincoln Militia at Bowman’s. On the 17th
he mustered at Ackman’s and stayed overnight at Adam Green’s. He did not return home until December 11th. On the 18th they marched to the 12
Mile Creek and stayed at the still house (distillery). On the 19th they marched to
McKarn’s and stayed there until October 25th when they went to
Rorback’s barn. The following day they
marched to Miller’s, where they remained until November 29th.[91]
It would be interesting to map the militia company’s
movements but Benjamin often omitted first names, his spelling of surnames was
sometimes incorrect, and finding the lot and concession numbers for the places
where they stayed might be difficult.
From October 17th to 24th,
Benjamin served as a private in Captain John Smith’s Company of the 5th
Lincoln Militia.[92]
From October 25th to November 24th,
he served in the same company.[93]
Nancy’s brother, John Gordon,
died around the 24th of October from wounds he received at the
Battle of Queenston Heights.[94]
Upper
Canadian Service Deaths
Private Levi Beemer, 2nd Norfolk, disease, October
24, 1812,
Orphaned children to Matha Wolley
Private Abraham Clendennen, 1st Lincoln, illness, October 25,
1812,
widow Hannah Clendennen
Private Jonathan Griffin, 4th Lincoln,
disease, October 20, 1812,
Orphaned children to Sarah Griffin
Private Richard Hazel, 1st
Essex, illness, October 10, 1812,
Widow Hannah Hazel
Baty Hebert, October 15, 1812[95]
Private Christopher Wigley, 1st
Essex, illness, October 11, 1812,
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[81] Pension Poster –
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[82] Earnest Alexander
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[85] Colonel E.A.
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[86] Linda Corupe, U.E.,
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[89] Captain Samuel
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[90] Ely Playter’s Diary, October, 1812, https://twitter.com/ElyPlayter1812, accessed June 7,
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[91] Benjamin Smith’s Diary, Benjamin Smith Fonds F582, Ontario Archives,
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[92] Collections Canada, War of 1812:
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[93] Collections Canada, War of 1812:
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[94] Collections Canada, War of 1812:
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[95] The Report of the
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[96] List of Orphan
Children whose Fathers have been killed in Action, or have died from Wounds
received or Disease contracted on Service, poster at Ontario Archives, Toronto.
[97] Militia Pensions Agents Office, York, 1st
October, 1817, List of Widows, poster at the Ontario Archives, Toronto.
End
Insightful indeed! Thank you!
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