First
Edition Published November 14, 2015
Second
Edition Published October 29, 2016
Third
Edition Published January 2, 2019
Copyright
by Fred Blair
April 1,
1813
On the
Niagara Frontier
Captain William H.
Merritt wrote in his journal that the ice went off the lake early in April and
that some of the militia were called out and posts were set up along the lake
from Niagara to Burlington.[1]
April 4,
1813
In York
A Return for Captain Thomas
Hamilton’s Company of the 3rd York Militia recorded:
50 men fit
for duty out of 84,
7 excused
from duty by the garrison surgeon,
5 sick at
home,
4 over
sixty years old and exempt from service,
10 absent,
6 moved
out of the regiment’s muster area,
6 employed
in the King’s works,
and 1 on
command.[2]
In
Cornwall
Captain Jacques Viger
of the Lower Canada Voltiguers Canadiens later wrote his recollections of the
summer of 1813 that was later translated into English. He was present at the Sackett’s Harbour, the
capture of Oswego, Chrystler’s Farm, Chateauguay, Four Corners, Lacolle, and
other engagements. In 1833, he was
elected as the first Mayor of Montreal.
The Voltigeurs were
established in Quebec in May of 1812 and disbanded in 1815, after the war.
On this day, Jacques
arrived in the Town of Cornwall, which had earlier been known as New Johnstown,
on his journey to Kingston. He described
the streets as wide and straight. There
was a church, court house, jail, and “neat” houses all built of wood. There was a barracks and a small
garrison. The Cornwall College was
closed but the children were learning to read and write in the school
house. Prospective building lots were
fenced but three quarters were vacant.[3]
The Provincial
Commissariat Voyageurs, also known as the Corps of Voyageurs, was created in
Lower Canada to provide bateaux convoy service on the St. Lawrence River. It was composed of over 400 experienced
voyageurs, many of whom had worked for the North West Company. When not on the river, the Voyageurs helped
garrison the posts where they were attached.
The original Corps of
Canadian Voyageurs created by the North West Company was disbanded in March, 1813,
and reorganized into the provincial unit.
In April, 1812, the Corps had 263 bateaux on the waters between Quebec
and Saint Joseph Island.[4]
April 6,
1813
At
Chrysler’s Farm
Jacques Viger and the
Voltigeurs arrived at Chrystler’s Farm where the officers slept in the farm
house and their men slept in another building.
Jacques described Captain Chrystler as a recruiting captain, a landed
proprietor, and owner of an establishment in the Township of Williamsburg. Mrs. Chrystler treated them to fresh milk and
vegetables and treated them well.
Chrystler suppled
Captain Vigers with a better carriage and a servant to drive him to
“Cananocoui.”[5]
“Christler’s” farm was
the location of the battle between the British and Americans on October 18,
1813.
April 7,
1813
The Voltigeurs
continued their journey towards Williamsburg.
In the evening they camped about two leagues west of Johnstown. The cabin was “miserable” and the men were
famished and could find no provisions.
Their hostess was unable to help them.[6]
April 8,
1813
In Johnstown
and Prescott
The Voltigeurs reached Johnstown
in time for breakfast. This town in
Grenville County had once been called Oswegatchie and was the capital of the
district. It had a court house, jail,
good lodging house, houses along the public highway, and a magazine. It was at the foot of a section of rapids on
the St. Lawrence River. Captain Vigers
wrote that they left the accompanying women, children, and heavy gear in the
town so that the men could travel more rapidly to their destination.
Three miles up river
they came to Prescott which was build on a rocky prominence. The buildings were not remarkable but it was
the strongest military post that they had reached. The left side of the village was shielded
with interlaced branches and a quadrangle of earth-works surrounded by a moat
was under construction. It would later
become known as Fort Wellington. There
were some batteries west of the town.
Across the river was the American town of Ogdensburgh which was also
guarded by batteries.[7]
In Yonge
Township
Ephraim Reynolds of
Yonge Township, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, made a war loss
claim for providing 8 days of care provided to an ill foot soldier of the
British 104th Regiment and for the soldier’s funeral expenses.[8]
April 9,
1813
In Brockville
Early in the morning
the Voltigeurs arrived in Brockville.
The town had been named Elizabethtown prior to General Brock’s promotion
to President of Upper Canada. Captain
Vigers noted that the buildings were elegant and well built, some with brick,
along the King’s highway, which was the only street. The highway there was wide, long, and
straight. There was a court house on a
public square. The building was also
used as a church, jail, and guardhouse.
Mr. Jones operated a sawmill with fourteen saws in Brockville.[9]
April 11,
1813
In Gananoque
The roads above
Brockville were “unpleasant” with long stretches of corduroy through the swamps
and low lands. The soil was rocky. The bridges were solid and passed over creeks
and wide rivers. Having passed through a
continuous forest for 34 miles beyond Brockville, the Voltigeurs, arrived at “Cananocoui,“
where there was a ridout manned by a few militiamen, a few houses, a large
bridge, a waterfall, and another fourteen-saw sawmill. After “Cananocoui” the forest trail continued
35 miles to Kingston. At times the St.
Lawrence River could be seen moving swiftly or raging with fury. The shores were lined with lofty trees.
In
Kingston
The Voltigeurs later
arrived in the Town of Kingston, which was built on rocky ground on a point of
land. Most of the houses were built of
wood. The roads were mostly at
right-angles and were straight and wide.
The stone and wood two-storey barracks and store-houses were on the
eastern side of the town. The site of
the town had originally been Fort Frontenac and a tower and triangular
structure remained near the artillery barracks.
The remnants of an English earth-works also remained. Two large wooden buildings near the center of
the town were used as a military hospital.
There was also a central square, a wooden market building, a wooden
Anglican church, a stone Catholic church, a two-storey stone hotel, and a
two-storey stone court house. The
Catholic church was used as a public hospital.
The court house had a kitchen and jail on the main floor and a court
room and library with over four hundred volumes on the second floor.
The town was on a bay
which formed a natural harbor for vessels.
To the west of the town were two points of land that were fortified with
batteries that guarded the entrance to the bay.
Redoubts and other defences had also been built on the north side and
other places about the town. Off-shore
on Cedar Island a signaling station had been built to maintain contact with
Snake Island far out in the lake and stations towards “Cananocoui.” The naval building yard and admiralty
buildings were on Navy Bay. Troops
stationed there had comfortable quarters and a hulk moored in the bay served as
a hospital.
All supplies moving
west passed through Kingston and it was the main deport for military stores and
provisions.[10]
April 12,
1813
Patrick Finan reported
that Kingston was full of troops.
Merchant’s stores became barracks for the troops and the Roman Catholic
Church was converted into a hospital.[11]
Churches, schools, and
other private and public buildings had been converted to military use
throughout Upper Canada in 1812.
The British 104th
Foot arrived in Kingston after a march of almost 1,000 miles from New
Brunswick. Lieutenant John Le Couteur,
after twice walking through the town, could not find a house or inn in which to
sleep. Having heard that a bed might be
had for one or two nights, he knocked on the door of Mrs. Robison, a
commodore’s widow, and found shelter there.[12]
In
Marysburgh
James Wright had an
empty house in Marysburgh, near the landing.
When the 8th Regiment came ashore they took possession of the
house as a barracks. As the regiment
marched away the following morning the building was seen to be on fire and
burned to the ground. The fire also destroyed
a nursery of apple trees on the west side of the house. The regiment had also done some damage to the
barn and the total loss later prevented James from renting the farm. It was noted that James provided a valuable
service in transporting supplies between Kingston and York and also served as a
captain in the Prince Edward Militia.[13]
On February 26, 1815,
James would lose a horse while transporting supplies from York to Kingston.
April 27,
1813
The Americans
Capture the Town of York
A Grand Council of the Mississauga
Nation was being held just west of the town when the attack began. The chiefs and their warriors gathered in the
woods in order to prevent the Americans landing in small boats and were soon
joined by the regular troops.[14]
The Americans out numbered
the defenders and fired upon them with cannons from their ships. The defenders were forced to retreat back
towards Fort York.
The Glengarry Fencibles
had been dispatched to assist the warriors by Sheaffe but Eneas Shaw, Adjutant
General of the Upper Canada Militia, countermanded his order and had the
fencibles join his men.
Lieutenant Colonel
William Chewett of the 3rd York Militia had command of the militia
units in the Village of York behind the main British force in the York
Garrison. They had not responded to
Sheaffe’s orders to march to the garrison.[15]
The militia surrendered
and 241 were held overnight at the garrison in the block house and the
following day were given paroles not to bear arms against the Americans.
Believing that paroles
would exempt them from militia duty, about 1400 men from the townships, who had
not taken part in the battle, arrived in the village and requested paroles from
the Americans. Within 3 days most of the
men in the Home District had obtained paroles.
Captain Stephen Jarvis
had also been captured and paroled. He
assisted the Americans in certifying the paroles and noted boys as young as 12
and men as old as 70 came in to surrender and accept paroles.[16]
Captain Stephen Jarvis
had just been commissioned as an assistant to Eneas Shaw on March 14, 1813.[17]
P. Firnan of the Royal
Newfoundland Regiment witnessed and wrote about the two explosions at the
fort. In one of the batteries, an
artillery man, while waiting for the signal to fire, held his match behind is
back, as procedures required, and inadvertently lit the powder in the
travelling magazine that had been left open there. Men were blown into the air. The cannons having been dismounted, the
battery was then left useless. Firnan
was at the gate of the garrison when the wounded were brought to the
hospital. Sometime after this, the
British retreated to the garrison.
The great magazine was
under a battery near the garrison. When
the Americans had stopped their advance at the small battery, the magazine
exploded. The force of the explosion was
directed down the valley towards the Americans, killing and wounding many of
them.
The American vessels
then began firing upon the garrison and the women and children fled.[18]
Outnumbered and unable
to stop the American advance, General Sheaffe order the military to abandon the
town and retreat to the east. This began
their long journey by road to Kingston.
The 3rd York
Militia officers, Lieutenant Colonel Chewett and Major William Allan, consulted
with Captain John Beverly Robinson and John Strachan who agreed that they
should immediately surrender to the Americans if they would protect private
property. Major Allan was taken prisoner
before the surrender was accepted and was held overnight.[19]
Among the officers of
the 3rd York Militia who were captured by the Americans were 6
captains, 6 lieutenants, 9 ensigns, and Quartermaster Charles Baynes.[20]
The women, who had made
the banner for the 3rd York Militia the previous fall, took shelter
with their children in the McGill home.
Donald McClean arrived with the banner concealed under his
clothing. The banner was wrapped in
canvas and buried in the orchard behind the house until after the Americans had
left.[21]
On December 3, 1812,
Thomas James Plunknett had been appointed Superintendent and Store Keeper of
the Naval Department in York. At that
time, he was ordered to take the artificers hired in Quebec to the Town of York
and to establish a naval dock yard there.
Upon arriving in Kingston, the workers refused to go further because
they had been hired to work in that town, not York, and because they lacked the
necessities for winter travel. The Naval
Department of Kingston was also facing a mutiny because their workers had not
been paid for some time. Thomas was
forced to give that department 1000 pounds from the money that he was carrying
for the York Naval Department. His
artificers were ordered to remain in Kingston where Thomas began construction
on the frigate Wolfe. On December 22nd,
he was ordered first to remain in Kingston and then to proceed to York.
As his artificers would
not leave Kingston without their pay, Thomas supplied them with shoes,
stockings, flannel shirts, and other supplies for the trip to York. Upon arriving in York, he began the
construction of a frigate with 36 guns.
On April 27th,
the Americans attacked and General Sheaffe began his retreat to Kingston. He sent orders back to York for Thomas to
burn the partially constructed frigate and the naval stores. While setting the fires, several artificers
were captured by the Americans.
Thomas and his
remaining workers began the journey back to Kingston. After the war, he claimed for the loss of his
position and his clothing and furniture left behind in York.[22]
Henry Barkley of
Trafalgar Township had been employed as an artificer on the dockyard. He had been armed and placed under the
command of John Dennis, another artificer, at the garrison in Fort York. As Sheaffe began his retreat, Henry was
captured by the Americans.[23]
The widow Jane Marion
was an inn keeper and baker in the town.[24]
John Hunter was under
orders to sleep in the House of Assembly.
From his possessions, the Americans stole 150 Quebec Army Bills, a trunk
containing his clothing, his books on gardening, and his bed and blankets.[25]
Joseph Nadeaux, a
cooper, had arrived in the area in March after his journey from Lower
Canada. He was forced to leave a case of
his clothing in Haldimand. In April,
Captain Jarvis of the Incorporated Militia brought the case to York by
boat. Unfortunately, the errant case was
captured there by the Americans.[26]
Patrick Strange, the
Assisstant Barracks Master at Fort York, made a war loss claim for his property
taken by the Americans after the garrison was abandoned. He claimed for the loss of all his wearing
apparel, a silver watch, a gold seal and key, his wife’s miniatures set in gold
frames, a dozen silver spoons, a silver sugar tongs, two breast pins, beaver,
sable, and otter skins, 2 guns, a powder horn, a shot pouch, 150 army bills, 18
pieces of gold, and some United States bills.
His claim was rejected because he was a British officer who was entitled
to remuneration for lost baggage through the military but not through the Upper
Canadian war loss commissions. He had
been a sergeant in the Glengarry Light Infantry.[27]
Edward MacMahon was
another resident of the village who had his possessions plundered. His lost wearing apparel and personal items
included 6 superfine inside coats, a sur coat, a great coat, 6 pair of
pantaloons, 4 pair of cassimere breeches, silk, Marseilles, and cassinett
vests, 7 pair of Nankeen trousers, 2 pair of Nankeen breeches, 7 pair of
gaiters, 3 pair of black cassimere gaiters, a dozen pair of fine cotton stockings,
18 pair of half stockings, a dozen pair of woolen stockings, 30 fine linen shirts
trimmed with linen cambric, 32 muslin neck handkerchiefs, a dozen silk pocket
handkerchiefs, 9 napkins, one fine hat, 3 pair of buckskin gloves, 3 pair of
boots, 3 pair of shoes, a complete shaving kit, and a silver watch, all to the
value of 95 pounds.
Other items included a
mahogany portable desk, a Moroccan leather portfolio and cask, a feather bed
and bedstead, a pair of blankets, 2 pair of sheets and pillow cases, a
counterpane, and 3 trunks.
One of the trunks
contained his collection of books, which included elegantly bound editions of 8
volumes of Pope’s works, 16 volumes of Herne’s, and 4 of Adventurer, 4 calf
bound volumes of Wharton’s Virgil in Latin and English, 5 volumes of British
Theatre, 3 of Addison’s works, 3 of Garrick’s, 8 of Spectator, 8 of Hume’s
History of England, 4 of Minor Encyclopedia, 2 of Young’s Travels in France and
Spain, 2 of Eccentric Biography, Bruce’s Travels abridged, Swift’s Life by
Sheridan, Harris’ Mateira Medica, Espreille’s Letters, Anderson’s Embessy to
China, 14 other volumes, and assorted magazines, reviews, and pamphlets. He valued his books at just over 164 pounds.[28]
Who was Edward
MacMahon? At the time that Edward was
captured during the attack, he was serving as a lieutenant in the 3rd
York Militia. By May 15, 1814, he was
attached to the President’s Office.[29]
On July 12, 1813,
Thomas Dickson of Queenston replied to Edward concerning the number of meat
cattle in the Niagara District. Thomas
was one of the commissioners charged with disposing of local property left
behind by men who had deserted to the enemy.
Edward was addressed as the Civil Secretary.[30]
The Americans had
demanded the that the provincial treasury, held at York, be handed over to
them. The residents decided to hand over
the paper money but hide the gold. The
gold was sealed in a keg, put on a cart, and buried under a pile of vegetables. William Roe, at sixteen years of age, was
employed as a clerk in the Receiver General’s office in York at about this
time. He was disguised as an old lady
returning home from the town market with her cart and headed out of town on the
Kingston road. The American guards
allowed him to pass and the gold was delivered to the Robinson farm where it
was buried.[31]
Private William Roe was
captured by the Americans on the 27th while serving in Captain
Cameron’s Company of the 3rd York Militia. He was probably quickly paroled prior to
moving the gold. From September 25 to
October 3, 1813, he served in Captain Thomas Hamilton’s Company in the same
regiment. The 3rd York was
recruited from the area the townships surrounding the Town of York. It was interesting that he was employed in
the town but did not apparently live in it.[32]
Upper
Canadian Casualties
Sergeant
John Bassell, 3rd York Militia
Richard
Berry
Lieutenant
John Detlor, 3rd York Militia
Private
Donald MacLean/McLean, 3rd York Militia
Private
Daniel Murray, 3rd York Militia
Private
Matthias Sanders/Saunders, 1st York Militia
John Bassell suffered a
concussion from the magazine explosion and died later in the summer as a result
of his injuries and illness. As the
medical staff had retreated with the British, he was placed in charge of the
hospital. Before settling in Upper
Canada in 1802, he had served with the British army.[33]
Richard Berry was an
artificer employed in in the dockyard at York and was killed when the magazine
exploded. His widow was refused a
pension because they were only available for militiamen.[34]
John Detlor had had one
of his legs shattered and amputated. He
died shortly after the surgery. He left
a widow and children.[35]
Donald McLean left
orphaned children.[36] He was a justice of the peace and clerk of
the House of Assembly at York.[37]
Daniel Murray died of wounds
and left a widow and three children.[38]
Matthias Sanders had
the charge of a gun at the dockyard. He
was struck in the leg by a stone from the magazine explosion and had it
shattered. He died after it was
amputated. He left a widow and six
children.[39]
West
of Fort Meigs, Michigan
General Procter arrived
with a British detachment of regulars, militia, and indigenous warriors.
April 28,
1813
In York
York officially
surrendered to the Americans as the terms of capitulation were signed but looting
continued.[40]
Within three days of
the American invasion, among the officers of the 3rd York Militia,
Adjutant George Duggan was captured by the Americans and Captains John Denison
and John Playter, Lieutenants John Endicott and John Scarlett, and Ensign
Thomas Denison were forced to surrender themselves.[41]
Some residents in the
area took advantage of the American invasion for their personal gain. Some assisted the enemy and received
government stores for their services.
John Lyons, a distiller
of Vaughan Township, was one of these men.
He received an ox cart, two pair of wheels, iron, and a bathing machine
all in exchange for hauling flour. Once
the Americans left in May, William Allan and the magistrates repossessed the
stolen government property. When the
Americans returned to York in the summer, John Lyons took possession of the
same set of items and challenged anyone to try and take them back.[42]
As Sheaffe’s forces
fled east to Kingston, they sometimes found the roadway congested by men
heading west to York to receive paroles from the Americans.[43]
On May 15, 1814,
officers of the 3rd York Militia reported on men who had gone to the
town to receive paroles from the Americans or to receive plundered supplies
from them. On June 23, 1814, Lieutenant
Colonel Chewett was ordered to punish these men.
Near York
Ely Playter had been with the
militia at one of the gates into Fort York when the magazine had blown and had
seen stones falling as thick as hail and the larger ones sinking into the earth
upon impact. He only saw the Americans
for a brief moment as they fired upon his party as they were retreating. By the 29th, he was home packing
up his things in preparation for going into hiding from the Americans. From a distance, he watched the Americans
break open the door of his house and carry many things away.
The following day Ely complained
about the break-in of his house to the
American
General Dearborne and obtained a parole so he could return home. He observed that the garrison had been
shattered and rent by cannon balls and the magazine explosion. Some buildings were torn to pieces and many
showed some marks of the battle.[44]
About this date,
General Sheaffe’s army was passing through Whitby on their long retreat from
York to Kingston. As they had left York hastily,
they had not had time to gather supplies for the journey or to collect all of
their gear.
Jabez Lynde’s inn in
the Town of Whitby was raided by members of the retreating force. Among the supplies taken were
300 pounds
of pork worth 15 pounds,
7 smoked
hams worth 2 pounds and 10 shillings,
60 pounds
of cheese worth 3 pounds and 15 shillings,
a canister
of tea worth 1 pound and 10 shillings,
a set of
knives and forks worth 15 shillings,
4 shirts
worth 2 pounds and 10 shillings,
a pair of
pantaloons worth 1 pound, 7 shillings, and 6 pence,
a vest
worth 7 pounds and 6 shillings,
a hat
worth 7 shillings and 6 pence,
2 handkerchiefs
worth 10 shillings,
a new
great coat worth 6 pounds and 5 shillings,
and a
blanket worth 1 pound.
Items
taken for their monetary value were some cash,
a silver
watch worth 7 pounds and 10 shillings,
6 silver
tea spoons worth 2 pounds,
a pair of
silver tongs worth 12 pounds and 6 shillings,
and a gold
necklace worth 2 pounds.
As it was an inn, Jabez
also had on hand 18 gallons of rum valued at 4 pounds and 10 shillings a gallon. Two doctors travelling with the army had
asked him to hold it for the wounded soldiers.
Before they could pick it up, the inn was raided by soldiers of the 8th
Regiment, who took the rum and other items by force.[45]
In
Kingston
Captain Vigers of the
Voltigeurs was sleeping in the guard house in Kingston while serving as the
officer on duty. An alarm was
sounded. One of his men picked up
someone else’s musket by mistake. He was
unaware that it had a ball loaded in it.
He was “tightening on the flint” when the musket discharged and the ball
struck another Voltigeur named Laframboise in the back. He died a few hours later. There was another accidental discharge in the
adjoining barrack room. This alarm was
unfounded. There was another alarm on
May 1st.[46]
April 30,
1813
In York
A church was plundered
and the parliament buildings were set afire by American soldiers. This was the first instance of burning as a
means hindering the British military and would lead to retaliation.[47]
Ely Playter had
encouraged Mrs. Chapman, a cook at the fort, to flee as the Americans advanced
upon it. He was able to recover some of
the possessions she had saved for him in the garrison.[48]
Who was Mrs. Chapman?
In
Ancaster Township
In Ancaster Township,
Benjamin Smith continued delivering wheat to Hatt’s and got a barrel of whiskey
there and did the same at Muma’s.
Thrashing and cleaning wheat and cutting and hauling wood
continued. He got a cow from Z. Gordon. He began to thrash and clean his buckwheat
and hulled more corn. He took iron to
Hornings and two days later picked it up and took it to Ned Smith’s. On the 24th Benjamin had a head ache and
fever and the following day broke out with measles.[49]
Who were Muma, Z.
Gordon, and Ned Smith?
Sources
[1] Capt. Wm. H. Merritt,
of the Provincial Light Dragoons, Journal of Events, Principally on the Detroit
and Niagara Frontiers, during the War of 1812, The Historical Society, B.N.A.,
St. Catharines, C.W., 1863, page 25.
[2] Collections Canada,
War of 1812: Upper Canada Returns,
Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10384, page 274.
[3] Jacques Viger,
Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D.,
News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, pages 1 & 2.
[4] Yesterday in History,
Forces of Lord Selkirk, Facebook Group, Apr. 9, 2018.
[5] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War
of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company,
Kingston, 1895, page 3.
[6] Jacques Viger,
Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D.,
News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, page 3.
[7] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War
of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company,
Kingston, 1895, pages 3-4.
[8] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1136, page 855.
[9] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War
of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company,
Kingston, 1895, pages 4-5.
[11] Donald E. Graves,
Merry Hearts Make Light Days, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le
Couteur, 104th Foot, Carleton University Press, Ottawa, 1994, page
119.
[12] Donald E. Graves,
Merry Hearts Make Light Days, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le
Couteur, 104th Foot, Carleton University Press, Ottawa, 1994, pages
109-111.
[14] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping
for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, page 175.
[15] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and
Paroles: A Social History of the War of
1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 77.
[16] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and
Paroles: A Social History of the War of
1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, pages 79-81.
[17] Irving L. Homfray,
Honorary Librarian, Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the War of
1812-1815, Canadian Military Institute, Welland Tribune Print, 1908, page 31.
[18] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping
for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 175-178.
[19] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and
Paroles: A Social History of the War of
1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 78.
[20] Collections Canada,
War of 1812: Upper Canada Returns,
Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10383, pages 1142-1144.
[21] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping
for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 178-179.
[22] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1126, pages 814-822.
[23] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1134, pages 379-384.
[24] Dianne Graves, In the Midst of Alarms: The Untold Story of Women and the War of
1812, Robin Brass Studio Inc., 2007, page 117.
[25] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1126, pages 619-621.
[26] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1126, pages 767-768.
[27] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1127, pages 258-267.
[28] Collections Canada,
War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1138, pages 381-389.
[29] Collections Canada,
War of 1812: Upper Canada Returns,
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[30] Brig.-General E.A.
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