First Edition Published July 26, 2015
Second Edition Published July 11, 2016
Third Edition
Published May 23, 2018
Fourth
Edition Published September 6, 2021
Copyright
by Fred Blair
Changes
and Additions are in blue text.
This
chapter contains a transcript of Private William McCay’s journal
and
recollections from “A Mohawk Memoir from the War of 1812,
John
Norton – Teyoninhokarawen”
August 1, 1812
On the Niagara Frontier
Private William
McCay and 59 other rank and file of the 2nd York and 5th
Lincoln Militias volunteered to leave the Queenston Camp and join Brigadier
General Isaac Brock’s expedition to Detroit.[1]
These
militia men were placed under the command of Captain Samuel Hatt of the 5th
Lincoln Militia.
Captain
William Applegarth later certified that William had served in Captain John
Chisholm’s Flank Company of the 2nd York Militia at Queenston
Heights during the summer of 1812.[2]
On the St. Lawrence River
Captain
William Morgan of the militia seized the boat of Matthew Gray of Madrid, New
York, as it was returning home up the St. Lawrence River. Matthew had arrived in Quebec about the first
of June with a raft of masts for the British government. He was still in Quebec when war was declared
and at that time applied for and received permission to return home to New York
with his property. Captain Morgan
discovered the boat at the landing at Osnabruck and as he had orders to prevent
vessels returning to the United States, seized the vessel there. The boat was put into service by the British
and never returned to Matthew who claimed for its value after the war. His claim was rejected by the Upper Canada claims
board because Matthew was not a British subject.[3]
August 2, 1812
At Amherstburg
Tecumseth
helped persuade the Wyandots (Hurons) to form an alliance with the British.[4]
August 4, 1812
In the United States
The former American President, Thomas Jefferson, declared that taking Upper Canada was “a mere matter of marching.”[5]
On the Niagara Frontier
Private
William McCay kept a journal of the daily events of the expedition. “After receiving our Regimental Clothes and
taking leave of our friends, our Company consisting of 61 men besides our
officers set off from Queenston Camp about noon for Detroit. We were carried in Waggons to Fort Erie, at
which place we arrived about 9 o’clock after a very pleasant ride.” Brock had ordered that the militia men to be
issued the red regimental uniforms to disguise them as British troops. There
were 3 officers and one man had a leave of absence. The rest of the journey would not be
pleasant.[6]
Some
histories had Brock issue the British red uniforms at Sandwich as well prior to
the attack on Fort Detroit on August 16th.
August 5, 1812
The Battle of Brownstown
Descriptions of the events at Brownstown vary. Here are a few slightly different histories.
John
Richardson recorded that in Amherstburg, Colonel Procter learned that the
Americans were escorting supplies to Fort Detroit and ordered Brevet Major Adam
Muir to cross the river to occupy the Village of Brownstown on the American
side. The British force was composed of
about 100 men from the 41st Regiment and a few militia men.
Indigenous
warriors had intercepted the Americans and forced them to halt at the River
Raisin, 36 miles below Fort Detroit.
Tecumseth, at Brownstown, took a party of 24 warriors to form an ambush
on the road about three miles south of the village. The Americans, under the command of Major Van
Horne, had neglected to send out an advance guard and the whole of their force
came suddenly within range of the ambushers.
A number of Americans, mostly mounted, were killed before the force
turned about and out ran the warriors. Tecumseth
and his warriors returned to an Indigenous village. Only Chief John Logan had been
killed among the ambushers. He had been well
liked and a regular interpreter for the British.
Mr.
Elliott was the oldest son of Colonel Elliott, the Superintendent of Indian
Affairs.[7]
What was young Elliott’s name?
A second report of the battle was that Brigadier General Hull had sent an American force south to the River Raisin in Michigan Territory to escort cattle and other supplies to the fort. The soldiers were attacked while crossing Brownstown Creek by a mixed force of British regulars, militia, and Indigenous warriors. The Americans retreated before that force.[8]
John
Norton’s and Carl Benn’s descriptions of the battle were slightly
different. The British had encamped at
the Wyandot village near Brownstown in order to disrupt American communications
between Detroit and Frenchtown on the River Raisin. General Hull had sent 200 riflemen south to
escort supplies back to Fort Detroit.
Tecumseth engaged them with between 25 and 70 warriors. After 30 Americans had been killed, they
retreated back to Detroit.
A
second party of warriors had engaged 25 Americans carrying mail north to the
fort and most of those soldiers were killed.
Then Hull sent a major force to defeat the British. They encountered Captain Adam Muir with the 41st Grenadiers and 200 to 300 warriors commanded by Roundhead (also known as Stayeghtha), Tecumseh, and Myeerah. The Americans suffered heavy losses.[9]
In Moraviantown
Captain John Norton and a party of Indigenous warriors arrived in the town. He was informed that four American scouts had been there to assess the quantity of supplies there that could be impressed to support Hull’s men in Sandwich.[10]
At York
Brigadier General
Isaac Brock sailed from the Town of York to Burlington Bay on his way to join
the expedition to Detroit.
A change in the Militia Act allowed Upper Canadian militia
men to send an able-bodied substitute in their place when a partial regimental
muster was ordered. Hiring a substitute
was sometimes expensive. William Shaw of
Captain John Cameron’s Company of the 3rd York later hired Philip
Philips to take his place, but Mr. Philips having been paid, deserted after a
few days of duty.[11]
A
repeal of part of the Militia Act was passed on this day in Upper Canada. Exemptions from duty were given to judges,
the clergy, council members and officers, magistrates, sheriffs, coroners,
retired half-pay officers, physicians and surgeons, school masters, ferrymen,
and one miller from each grist mill.[12]
Upper
Canadians who deserted from their regiments could be sentenced to death if they
were found guilty at a court martial. In
practice, few deserters were prosecuted and very few were sentenced to death.[13]
At Fort Erie
From William McCay’s Journal, “We lodged in the Fort last
night very well and the forenoon we spent in rambling over the village. The Fort is a handsome place but the wall is
not finished around it, which if it was would be very strong. In the evening we marched about 4 miles up
the Lake to where the boats lay that we were to go in.” [14]
In the
London District
Job
Lodor of the London District took advantage of the new law and always hired a
substitute when he was ordered to report for duty. When a general call for militia was made, he
remained at home and waited to be fined.[15]
On
November 7, 1814, Job Lodor of Townsend Township and his neighbours were raided
by the Americans.[16]
August 6, 1812
At
Brownstown
John Richardson
witnessed an act of revenge for John Logan’s death near Brownstown on the
previous day. The chief’s body had been
placed in a council house where the warriors gathered about. The warriors brought in an American prisoner
on that they had captured that day. He
was made to sit in the circle with young Mr. Elliott who was dressed as a
warrior. The American was offered food
and while eating Logan’s aunt snuck up behind him with a tomahawk and struck
him twice in the head.[17]
At Fort
Erie
From
William McCay, “We were alarmed by the Sentrys about 10 o’clock and were soon
all under arms. It was expected that the
Americans who had seen us march in had formed the design of following us, but
it was a false alarm. We set off very
early. The first place we landed was at a small island a little below the mouth
of the Grand River where we found a great plenty of sand cherries. We did not stop long, but put into the mouth
of the Grand River 40 miles from Fort Erie.”
Local fruit and produce would supplement their daily rations of bread
and pork.[18]
On the
Grand River
Brock and his men
stopped at the Grand River to meet with Haudenosaunee at the Mohawk
Village. These Mohawks decided not to
support the attack.
On Lake Erie
Jacob
Fight of Rainham Township supplied a boat with sail and oars at Long Point for
Brock’s expedition to Fort Detroit. He
was exempted from service in the 2nd Norfolk Militia because his eye
sight was known to be poor. He worked
frequently as a teamster for the British throughout the war and supplied the
militia with provisions. His home was
raided by the Americans about September, 1814.[19]
Jacob
“Fite” sold his property on Lot 19, Concession 19 to his son Martin in 1806.[20]
Daniel
Hoover had his boat impressed for the expedition to Detroit. After the capture of the fort, the boat was
given to Colonel McArthur to convey American prisoners to Cleveland. By agreement with the colonel the Americans
destroyed the boat. After the war Daniel
made a war loss claim for the value of the boat.[21]
Daniel
was a Pennsylvania Mennonite who farmed on Hoover’s Point, in Rainham Township,
on the north shore of Lake Erie. He used
his boat to transport goods from Stoney Creek to the west of his farm and to
Sugarloaf in the east. Sugarloaf later
became Port Colborne. Daniel’s nephew,
Jacob Hoover, married Isaac Brock’s niece, Elizabeth Brick/Brock.[22]
August 7, 1812
At Fort
Detroit
General
Hull received a report from the Niagara Frontier that boats loaded with British
soldiers had been sighted crossing Lake Erie on route to Amherstburg.[23]
At
Sandwich
Preparing
for Brock’s arrival, the destroyed bridge over the River Canard that had
earlier frustrated General Hull’s attempts to cross the river was now being restored
by the British with the assistance of the Norfolk and Oxford Militias under the
command of Captain John Bostwick and Lieutenants George Ryerson and George
Rolph.[24]
In
Moraviantown
Captain
John Norton and three Indigenous warriors mounted horses and set off in pursuit
of the four American scouts who had recently visited Moraviantown. They found their campsite on the Thames River
and pursued them west. They sited the
Americans in their canoe across the river.
The Americans saw John’s party and beached their canoe and fled across
the fields and into the trees. This was
easily done before the warriors were able to ford the river and as it was near
dusk the Americans eluded pursuit in the dark woods. John gave up pursuit and returned to the
canoe. The soldier’s uniforms and some
of their gear had been left in it. The
weapons were a prize as some of John’s party back in Moraviantown lacked fire
arms.[25]
On Lake
Erie
William
McCay wrote, “We slept under the trees on the bank of the river. Arose early and set off and did not land
until we came to Patterson’s Creek, 10 miles from the Grand River. He we were
informed that the Volunteers from York, some of the 41st, and some militia …
were to go with us.” These
reinforcements were on the way from the Grand River area with General
Brock. Apparently, there were not enough
boats, because Captain Peter Robinson’s Rifle Company of the 1st
York Militia had to march overland.[26]
August 8, 1812
At Port
Dover
Brock
arrived at Port Dover, on the north shore of Lake Erie. Additional boats had been commandeered there
for his use there but there were not enough, nor were they in good
condition. The following day was spent
trying to get ten of them into condition for the expedition’s passage. When the expedition later continued across
the lake it was discovered that the Port Dover boats required constant bailing.[27]
Brock
ordered the arrest of Judge John Beemer and others who had advised the Norfolk
Militia to disobey his orders to muster in July. Chester Rogers, Isaac and Elijah Willett,
Samuel and Stephen Hartwell, and others were arrested for aiding the Americans. They were put on trial on September 11th
and 12th and Allan McDougall, Antoine Meloche, Antoine Lafitte, and
Isaac Willett were indicted for treason. [28]
Major
General Brock later reported that he had left Long Point in bateaux with about 300
men on the 8th.[29]
William
McCay reported that they “Slept on shore in the best manner we could. Two of
our company deserted this morning. We did not leave this place till 12 o’clock
when we set off and came to Long Point in the evening, drew our boats across
and put up for the night.”
Private
James Bycraft of the 5th Lincoln Militia Flank Companies was one of these
deserters. Captain Hatt’s roll recorded
that Anson McArtey and Aaron Cornwall of the 2nd York had deserted but did not
indicate when or where.
On
September 1st, William would give evidence at the trial of Private
James Bycraft who deserted at Patterson’s Creek.[30]
In
Moraviantown
Captain
John Norton left the town with his part of Indigenous warriors. He met a party of Chippewas that informed him
that the River St. Clair Chippewas had decided to support the British. John sent a messenger back to them to ask
them to join him at the mouth of the Thames River on Lake St. Clair.
On
his journey west, John met local militiamen and exhorted them to expel the American
scouts from their area. He did not ask
them to march west because he knew that it was harvest time and that the men
were needed on the farms. He was also
aware that General Hull’s army did not appear to have moved towards them.
John’s
warriors prepared spears and he was able to obtain ammunition from Mr.
McGregor, a merchant, for his warriors who had fire arms. John McGregor was a miller, merchant,
politician, and militia office based in Sandwich.
Another
messenger arrived with the news that 100 St. Clair River warriors planned to
meet with him about August 10th.
Lieutenant Colonel Porter sent an order to join his British force at
Amherstburg as soon as possible. [31]
August 9, 1812
On Lake
Erie
William
McKay reported that they “Arose early this morning and about sunrise was joined
by General Brock and 6 boats loaded with the troops from Patterson’s
Creek. We all set off together having a
fair wind til about … o’clock. I then
rowed til night when we landed at Kettle Creek 6 miles below Port Talbert.” [32]
At Sandwich
Captain
John Norton’s party of 70 Chippewa, Delaware, and Odawa warriors marched the
last 40 miles to Sandwich.[33]
At
Brownstown
The
British detachment under Major Adam Muir, still stationed at Brownstown,
received word from the Indigenous scouts that a large American force was
approaching, on their way to Fort Detroit.
As the Americans were encumbered with guns, it was thought that they
would not arrive until the following morning.
The detachment marched to Maguaga, an Indigenous village, and on through
the area where the unburied Americans had fallen on August 5th.
A
quarter mile beyond the town, they and their Indigenous allies selected
concealed positions in the woods to lay upon the ground in ambush. They were soon joined by Lieutenant Bullock
of the 41st Regiment with twenty of his grenadiers, twenty Light
Infantry, and twenty battalion men. The
warriors engaged the Americans first and firing then broke out along the entire
British line for about thirty minutes.
Some
of the British mistook the warriors retreating on their right flank for an
opposing force and turned their fire upon them.
The error had been made because of the reduced visibility in the forest.
With
the Americans close upon their front and a suspected flanking formation on the
right, the British decided to retreat.
Major Adam Muir rallied the men about a quarter mile back on a hill
overlooking a short narrow bridge on the elevated roadway that the Americans
would need to transport their guns across the wetland.
During
the retreat they had lost communications with Tecumseth. As they heard fire on their left flank, they
suspected that the Americans were trying to outflank them on the left. The British continued their retreat to their
boats and crossed back across the river.
John
Richardson, a volunteer, reported the British losses as one rank and file
killed and the wounded as Major Muir and Lieutenant Sutherland, two sergeants,
and nineteen rank and file. He thought
Mr. Cardwell of Amherstburg had carried the lieutenant out of the woods on his
back. Tecumseth was thought to have
received a minor wound as well.[34]
Other
sources had the British losses as higher.
The American Major James Dalliba reported that the Upper Canada Militia,
dressed and painted as “savages”, had the end of the line to the Detroit River
with the Indigenous warriors commanded by Walk-in-the-Water and Marpot. Tecumseth and his warriors had been on the
American left flank and had retreated west.
John Richardson later disputed some of the details in Major Dalliba’s
description of the battle.[35]
The
militia men lacking uniforms, had put sprigs of basswood into their caps to identify
who they were. While the British had
been preparing their ambush, Thomas Vercheres de Boucherville laid on the
ground next to his friend, Lieutenant Colonel Francois Baby, whose home General
Hull had requisitioned. During the
engagement, Thomas was hit in the thigh by a musket ball. While the British force had retired from the
battle, Thomas and Jean-Baptiste Berthe, a regular soldier, were cut off but
had hidden in the woods, near the Americans.
During a thunderstorm that night they made their escape to the
river. At dawn they built a raft from
wood gathered from an abandon Indigenous village and crossed the river where
their friends and others cheered their arrival.
A surgeon removed the ball from Thomas’ thigh and Tecumseth had a
Shawnee healer applied an herbal remedy.
Ten days later the wound had healed enough that he was back behind his
shop counter serving customers.[36]
Thomas
Vercheres de Boucherville, a fur trader and storekeeper in Amherstburg, was
with the Upper Canadian militia and witnessed Indigenous warriors kill American
prisoners.[37]
Upper Canadian Wounded
Private
Francois Bouthelier, 1st Essex, at Mongwaga[38]
August 10, 1812
On Lake
Erie
William
McCay complained, “Wet and cold last night. Some of us lay in the boats and
some on the sand. We set off early but
the wind blew so hard ahead we were obliged to put into Port Talbert. We covered our baggage from the rain which
still continued and most of us set out to get something to eat being tired of
bread and pork. 5 of us found our way to
a place where we got a very good breakfast.
Bought some butter & sugar and returned. We lay here all day, the wind being high.” [39]
August 11, 1812
“We set
off early with a fair wind but it soon blew so hard we have had to land on the
beach and draw up our boats, having come 12 or 15 miles. Some of us built camps and covered them with
bark to shelter us from the rain which poured down incessantly, but I was
obliged to go on guard – as I was. Some
of our men discovered horse tracks a few miles above us which we supposed were
American horsemen for we were informed they came within a few miles of Port
Talbert.” [40]
Brock was ashore 15 miles southwest
of Port Talbot at 6:00 pm. He ordered
troops to be prepared to embark in their boats at midnight. The commanding boat would have a light and no
other boats were to pass it.
In the interim, officers were to
inspect arms and ammunition and to ensure the men were ready for service. They were about to pass through an area that
had been recently patrolled by the Americans.
A captain and subaltern were to place thirty men on picket duty while
ashore and a sentry was to guard each boat and be regularly relieved. A patrol was to be sent out a mile from the
encampment.[41]
August 12, 1812
It was
another rough night for William McCay. “We
set off before day light and came on till breakfast time when we stopt at a
long point where we found plenty of sand Cheeries. They are just getting ripe and are very
good. We continued on voyage all night
which was very fatiguing being so crowded in the boats we could not lie down.” [42]
Major
General Brock ordered that if the wind continued fair, the boats were to
continue their journey on Lake Erie during the night. Care was to be taken to prevent the boats
separating or falling behind. As this passage
of the lake was more dangerous and difficult than what they had previously
encountered, the boats were not to land unless it was extremely necessary and
that great care must be taken by the officers as to where the boats were
beached. Officers were also to guard
against being surprised by the Americans.[43]
August 13, 1812
At
Amherstburg
Major
General Brock arrived at Amherstburg, with about 1300 men, where he discovered
that the Americans, faced with food shortages and disease, had retreated back
across the river to Fort Detroit.[44]
“We came
to a settlement this morning, the first since we left Port Talbert. The inhabitants informed us the Americans had
all retired to their own side of the River.
Also that there was a skirmish between our troops and them on their own
side. We made no stop, only to boil our
pork but kept on til about 2 o’clock, then lay on the beach until morning. Some of the boats with the General went
on.” Brock would have been relieved to
learn that the Americans had retreated back to Fort Detroit.[45]
Aware
of the massive militia desertions in the area, Brock ordered the local officers
to make lists of the names of men who had remained loyal. He did not attempt to fine the
deserters. Later a court of enquiry
suggested that ten officers from the Essex and Kent Militias be removed.[46]
Francois
Reaume of Malden Township received orders from Brock to carry dispatches from
Amherstburg to Robert Dickson on the Mississippi River. In the event that he could not make the
complete journey himself, he was to arrange to have someone else make the delivery. He left Amherstburg with two Indigenous
companions. Having run out of provisions
and starving near Chicago, he decided to procure supplies in that area. As it was possible that the Americans might
arrest him, he gave the dispatches to the two Indigenous men. He was taken prisoner, the Indigenous men proceeded
on without him, and the dispatches were delivered.
After
his release, Francois applied to Colonel Elliott for the money owed him but did
not receive payment at that time. In
1824, he presented his war loss claim to the Commission.[47]
Robert
Dickson was a western fur trader who commanded Indigenous warriors at the
Capture of Mackinac Island and the Capture of Fort Detroit. At the end of September, he arrived in
Amherstburg with a number of warriors.
He travelled on to Montreal where he was appointed as Agent and
Superintendent of the western tribes for the Indian Department. He engaged the Americans a number of times
throughout the war. After the war, he resumed
fur trading.[48]
August 14, 1812
At
Sandwich
William McCay completed the boat journey. “We landed at Fort Malden about 2 o’clock,
very tired rowing and our faces burnt with the sun til the skin came off … Our
company was marched to a stone house where we took out our baggage and dryed it
and cleaned our guns. Were paraded at 11 o’clock and all our arms &
ammunition that was damaged was replaced.
We then rambled about the town till evening when all the troops that
were in Amhurst Burgh were paraded on the commons. They were calculated at 8 or 9 hundred men.”[49]
Detroit was about two miles up the
river, which contained several small islands.
The low banks were cultivated but the wilderness could be seen behind
them.
August 15, 1812
American Evacuation of Fort Dearborn (Chicago)
Fort
Dearborn was successfully taken by Potawatomi warriors after a 15-minute
battle.
At
Sandwich
William McCay
wrote, “Arose early and set off with our boats for Sandwich. We scampered off to the orchards with our
haversacks, where we got apples & pears as many as we could wish. Then marched up to the town in good order
commanded by Major Chambers. We found it
crowded with whites and Indians all in arms.
We are told we are to attack them tomorrow. We all appear well agreed and in high
spirits. We were paraded in the evening
and while we were in the ranks, the cannonading began between our batteries
& the American Fort & batteries and continued about an hour & a
half. We were 1 and a half miles from
the scene of action, our men appeared anxious to be engaged.” [50]
Charles
Askin witnessed the arrival of Brock’s flotilla at Sandwich.[51]
Brock
reported that Major Thomas Evan’s idea of clothing the militia in cast off
clothing from the 41st Regiment had made his force look twice as
large.[52]
August 16, 1812
The British Capture of Fort Detroit
William
McCay reported that, “By daylight we were all under arms and soon began to
cross the river, while the cannons began to roar again. The place where we crossed was about three
miles below the Fort of Detroit. We
loaded in boats and effected our landing without any opposition. As we came over we formed in order. The 41st in front, to the amount of 3 or 4
hundred, Capt. … Campbell next, the York Militia next and the Militia from
other places followed while the Indians dressed in the most warlike … were all
around us. Soon as most of us was over
we marched up through the town expecting to be fired upon every moment … The
houses in the lower part of the Town were most of them deserted and the Indians
broke into them and as we marched along we saw the best of goods &
furniture destroyed or carried off ....
We halted in a little Vale about half a mile below the fort. The firing
ceased which had been kept up very briskly upwards of 2 hours, and our officers
saw the flag of truce go from the fort over to our batteries.” The Americans had surrendered the fort.
“We then
marched into the fort but soon returned and were placed around it. Our sentries relieved theirs and the American
flag came down while the British was hoisted amidst the shouts of the whole
army. According to the best accounts I
can get there was between 25 & 30 hundred men made prisoners of war amongst
whom not more than 4 hundred were regulars.
As soon as possible the regulars were put on board the vessels, several
of which lay in the river. They were all
in very bad condition, both dirty & ragged, owing they told us to their
marching a great distance through wilderness and not receiving their pay or
clothing. I never saw such a day in my
life, such a hurry & confusion we had not time to eat anything except a
bite of bread we brought with us, for we had double of numbers of prisoners to
take care of.” [53]
John
Richardson wrote that they had crossed in boats and scows accompanied by
numerous canoes filled with Indigenous warriors “decorated in their half
nakedness,” though most of them had crossed over during the night. The militia who had rowed the boats across
were not part of the attacking force.
The
British forces attacking included the Kent, 1st and 2nd
Essex, and detachments of the York, Lincoln, Oxford, and Norfolk Militias.[54]
The
warriors from Amherstburg were led by Stayeghtha, Tecumseth, Tharoutera, and
Myeerah. They had paraded through the
woods in view of the Americans in the fort.
They were to attack the Americans on their flank if they marched out of
the fort.[55]
Captain
John Norton and his party had crossed over at La Belle Fontaine to support the
main British force. He consulted with
Brock and suggested that his warriors advance on the left flank so that they
could examine a ravine that might be concealing “an ambuscade”. Brock ordered him to proceed and they
discovered French Canadian women and children from the town sheltering there
from the British cannon fire. John’s
party moved forward toward the fort. As
they approached William McComb’s stockaded property the spotted the heads of
the American pickets stationed there.
The pickets quickly retreated back towards the fort. John then saw some Americans riding towards
the fort and he ordered his warriors to run ahead and intercept them. The Americans escaped into the fort before
the warriors could cut them off but the warriors did capture one of the
sentries there.[56]
Lieutenant-Colonel
Robert Nichol, Quartermaster-General of the Militia, wrote that Brock’s army
had crossed the Detroit River and took up a position near the house of William
Forsyth, where they found themselves temporarily without provisions. William invited the General Staff and other
officers into his home, where he provided them with refreshments and supplied
the army with provisions. After the war,
William claimed for:
24 gallons
of brandy at 30 shillings each
15 gallons
of Madeira wine at 30 shillings each
9 gallons
of port at 30 shillings each
and
provisions at 12 pounds, 10 shillings.[57]
Colonel
Elijah Brush signed the American capitulation as the Attorney General of the
North West Territory. He was also
commander of the 1st Michigan Militia. In 1802, he had married Adelaide Barthe
Askin, the daughter of the British Colonel John Askin. This also made him John Richardson’s great
uncle. The Canadian relatives interceded
and arranged special privileges for Colonel Brush. He would repay this kindness before the war
was over when he interceded with the Americans for the treatment of Doctor
Richardson, John’s father.[58]
John
Richardson reported that the guard of honour that took possession of the fort
included Lieutenants John Beverley Robinson and Samuel Peter Jarvis of the 3rd
York Militia and Captain William Chisholm of the 2nd York Militia. Lieutenant Jarvis was attached to the 41st
Regiment.[59]
Volunteer
John Richardson was among the sentinels placed on the ramparts of the fort and
was the first guard at the flag staff.
Dean, a member of the 41st Regiment who was captured by the
Americans earlier in the month at the River Canard, was freed from the fort
prison.[60]
As
a Volunteer what was Richardson rank in the 41st Regiment? Who was Dean?
Major
General Brock issued an order from Fort Detroit commending the services of the
men who aided in the capture. Among the
militia, he mentioned Major Salmon, Captains Hatt, Heward, Bostwick, and
Robinson, and Lieutenant Colonel Nichol.
Major
George C. Salmon commanded the 2nd Norfolk Militia, Captain Samuel
Hatt was a member of the 5th Lincoln Militia, Captain Stephen Heward
served in the 3rd York Militia, and Captains John Bostwick and
William Robinson were with the Norfolk Militia.
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Nichol commanded the 2nd Norfolk
Militia and was also Quarter Master General of the Militia in Upper
Canada. He had arranged the movement of
Brock’s flotilla from Long Point to Amherstburg and commanded the crossing to
Fort Detroit.
Colonel
Elliott and Captain Thomas McKee of the Department of Indian Affairs had
commanded the Indigenous warriors. Brock
commended the warriors on their humanity in the treatment of the few prisoners
taken during their advance on the fort.[61]
A
proclamation was issued to all militia officers that all arms in their
possession were to be “given up.”[62]
Captain John
Norton estimated that the captured American arms included over two thousand
“stands”. His party returned across the
river to Sandwich and proceeded to Amherstburg the following morning. Carl Benn wrote that John was entitled to 120
pounds of prize money as a chief from the captured supplies but as a captain in
the Indian Department he would have been entitled to more.[63]
At
Michilimackinac
Indian
Agent John Askin reported that Big Gun (Kitchiposekizegan “Gichi-basshkizigan”)
left for Detroit with 270 warriors, a distance of 204 nautical miles. The journey was probably made in a canoe
brigade.[64]
August 17, 1812
At Detroit
William
McCay wrote that, “Most of us have been on guard in and around the Fort. Being relieved this morning my Comrade (John
Ireland) & me took a ramble through the town and Garrison. It is a matter of surprise to us to obtain
such a strong fortification defended by double our numbers without the loss of
a man, there being only one sargent of the Royal artillery wounded. I saw only 7 men killed in the fort but I
understand there was several more. It
was a disagreeable sight to behold them.
One was shot through the middle, anothers head was dashed to
pieces. In the afternoon we crossed over
to Sandwich to get our knapsacks which we had left behind, and went in a boat
down to one of the vessels loaded with prisoners.” [65]
John
Ireland, like William, served as a private in a 2nd York Militia Flank Company
who also served at the Battle of Queenston Heights. After 1812, he served as an issuer and
storekeeper with the Commissariat Department and was in charge of maintaining
the supply line on Dundas Street.
Brock
ordered that all the absent militia men in Upper Canada be called to return to
the Niagara Frontier as their crops should have been harvested by this time. He noted that many men in the area had already
deserted to their homes.[66]
Captain
John Norton suggested that he remain in the west but Brock ordered him to the
Niagara Frontier where he expected the Americans to retaliate for the loss of
Detroit. John’s party of warriors was
finally joined by the 100 Chippawa from River St. Clair and another 100 from
the Grand River.[67]
John’s
memoirs picked up again when he was in the Niagara area.
August 18, 1812
William
McCay complained, “I spent last night the most uncomfortable of any since I
left home, for we lay in the boat alongside of the vessels. The boat was full of us and leaked very fast. I lay on a wheel of the Carriage of the
Artillery wet and cold and very much fatigued.
We then went on board the NANCY, a merchant brig which was full of
prisoners before we came. We lay
opposite Sandwich waiting til the other vessels were ready to sail.” [68]
On the
Thames River
John
McGregor was born in Scotland about 1751, arrived in Detroit in 1784, and
became active as a merchant. When the
British withdrew from Detroit, he obtained land in Sandwich and Amherstburg. By 1812 he owned an eighty-ton vessel, The
Thames, and a mill on McGregor’s Creek.
He served as a lieutenant in the Kent Militia and by the end of the war
achieved the rank of captain. He lost an
arm in March of 1813 but was to later take part in the Battle of Lundy’s Lane
in July, 1814. He suffered a number of
losses during the war to both the Americans and the British and their Indigenous
allies.[69]
John
McGregor was aware that the American, Colonel McArthur, and his men were
raiding in the Thames River area. To
hide his merchandise and provisions from them he sent his property to the home
of Matthew Dolsen on the river, where John had a mill. As the British retreated from there towards
Amherstburg, the Americans heard that John had supplies stored at Dolsen’s
home. Believing that McGregor and Dolsen
had raised a body of Indigenous warriors and militia to oppose them, an order
was issued to shoot the two men if they were found. Both men fled from Dolsen’s home as the
American detachment came in sight.
Among
the goods seized by the Americans were:
a 37-gallon
barrel of Madeira wine at 40 shillings per gallon
10 barrels
of rock salt at 10 pounds each
3 barrels
of Anadago salt at 4 pounds, 16 shillings each
4 barrels
of Anadago salt at 9 pounds, 6 shillings each
34 barrels
of salt at 9 pounds, 6 shillings each
100 quintels
of flour at 32 shillings each
50 bags of
flour at 6 shillings each
49 barrels
of flour at 6 pounds, 4 shillings each
30
grinding stones at 40 shillings each
500
blankets at 800 pounds
and half a ton of iron, two hundred pounds
of steel, a large boat with sails, a large Canadian boat, and over two hundred
yards of striped cotton.[70]
A
quintal was 100 pounds of weight. What
was Anadago salt?
On
October 3, 1813, John McGregor would suffer a major loss again during another
British retreat.
In
Kingston
Christiana
Trump offered a reward of $12.00 for information leading to the conviction of
the persons who had cut and carried off timber from her farm on Lot 24,
Concession 2, Kingston Township.[71]
August 19, 1812
At Fort
Malden
William
McCay reported, “We droped down the river to Fort Walden where we left one of
our Company (Thos. Cornir) in the Hospital who has been sick several days.” [72]
Private
Thomas Corner of Nelson Township was about nineteen years old at the time and
served as a private in the 2nd York Militia. From September 25th to December 19th
that year he served in Captain John Chisholm’s Flank Company in Queenston.[73]
August 20, 1812
From
William McCay, “It rained most of this day very fast. We were obliged to stay on deck without any
shelter through it all. In the afternoon
some of our men were ordered on where as we still lay opposite Amherstburgh, to
procure provisions and wood for our voyage.” [74]
On the
Niagara Frontier
Captain
William H. Merritt reported that the militia had returned from Fort Detroit to
the Niagara Frontier escorting American prisoners.[75]
August 21, 1812
On the
Detroit River
William
McCay wrote, “We drafted down the river a short distance but the wind being
contrary we were obliged to cast anchor.
Several of the prisoners were taken out of our vessel and put on board
the QUEEN CHARLOTTE who was to sail in company with us.” [76]
August 22, 1812
From
William’s journal, “Very early this morning a gun was fired from the CHARLOTTE,
the signal for sailing. We immediately
weighed anchor and set sail. We … lively
till noon when the wind failing, we lay beating on the Lake til night, &
then cast anchor among several small islands.” [77]
At Fort
George
Brock
returned to Fort George and learned that Sir George Prevost had arranged a
temporary armistice with the Americans.[78]
At
Amherstburg
Colonel
John Askin, of the Indian Department, arrived in Amherstburg with270 Indigenous
warriors under the command of Chief Big-gun.
They had left Michilimackinac on the 16th and journeyed fifty
miles across Saginaw Bay in their canoes to relieve Amherstburg.[79]
August 23, 1812
On Lake
Erie
It was a
good day for William McCay, “This was a very pleasant day. We purchased some ground corn and young
potatos of an old French man who lived on one of the Islands which was a great
rarity to us all. The wind raising about
10 oclock we again set sail, a matter of joy to us all for we were heartily
tired of our present mode of living.” [80]
August 24, 1812
William
wrote, “The wind keeping up, we sailed on very well, but the other vessels that
we were to company with, not being able to keep up with us, we were frequently
oblidged to lower our sail.” [81]
In
Willoughby Township
George
Rathwall of Willoughby Township submitted a bill to the British for his work as
a gunsmith over the previous year. He
had mended a bayonet and a stock, replaced ramrods and screws, and fixed locks
and guns.[82]
At Niagara
A
Court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery was held at Niagara in the
Niagara District by Justice William Campbell.
William Chittendon was found guilty of a felony and was sentenced to be
hanged until dead.
Joe
Bartlett was found guilty of grand larceny and was sentenced to be confined for
three months, to be publicly whipped with thirty-nine lashes each of the three
months, to ensure is good behaviour for twelve months, to pay a fine of fifty
pounds, and to pay two sureties of twenty-five pounds each.
William
Groff was also found guilty of grand larceny and was sentenced to be confined
for one calendar month and to be whipped with thirty-nine lashes once.
Joe
Bastedo pleaded guilty to sedition and had to pay a fine of five shillings, be
confined for two calendar months, and at the end of his confinement stand in
the pillory for one hour.[83]
August 25, 1812
On Lake
Erie
From
William McCay, “This morning we perceived we have passed long point which was
almost out of sight. I was very unwell
to day owing to our way of living, unwell to day owing to our way of living,
being up at night (for we mounted 20 guards every night who must all be awake
continually) and then sleeping in the hot sun.
Likewise our provisions were very bad having got wet, the bread
especially. In the evening as we drew
near Fort Erie we were informed that an armistice was concluded between the
contending powers and that 4 days notice was to be given before hostilities
would be commenced. This new pleased us
much, as we were in hopes of getting home to see our friends.” [84]
August 26, 1812
“We lay
at anchor in sight of Fort Erie all night & in the morning, about 9 oclock
came alongside of the wharf. The
prisoners were landed under a strong guard.
Here I had the first sight of General Hall. After some time we got in order for
marching. Captain Hatt’s Company was the
advance guard, while the York volunteers guarded the prisoners. We marched on pretty briskly at first, but
laying still so long, we soon became tired.
We came to Chippaway about sunset.
Most of us got our suppers at a tavern and our camps lodged in a barn,
the best place we have had the some time.” [85]
Major
General Brock had sailed home in a very small trading schooner containing 70
imprisoned Ohio Riflemen. They were
guarded by a small party of York militia riflemen under the command of
Lieutenant Jarvis. The guards were not
allowed to go below deck with the prisoners.
No more than 6 of the prisoners were allowed on deck at a time. Near Fort Erie the schooner was becalmed in
the fog when a chance break in the fog revealed that they were just off
Buffalo. A shot was fired to attract the
attention of the Queen Charlotte which was anchored between Abino and Fort
Erie. That vessel came to the rescue
with the aid of a slight breeze and took the schooner in tow back into British
waters.[86]
Lieutenant
Jarvis was Samuel Peters Jarvis of the 3rd York Militia.
On the
Niagara Frontier
Brock
issued orders that up to 80 percent of the militia men serving in flank
companies on the Niagara Frontier could be sent home. General inspections of the militia were to be
carried out in the Home, Niagara, and London Districts. Every individual residing in each regiment’s muster
area was to be accounted for. Those
granted exemptions from duty were to be accounted for under the headings of Age
and Infirmity, Quakers, Mennonists, and Tunkers, and Others, with the reason
for each exemption. Militia men were to
be called out for drill once a week.
Each man was to take the Oath of Allegiance and those who refused were
to be reported.[87]
Also
exempt were judges, clergy, members and officers of provincial councils,
magistrates, sheriffs, coroners, retired officers, physicians, surgeons, school
masters, ferrymen, and one miller from each grist mill.[88]
At Niagara
A Grand
Jury charged Joseph Bastedo and Abraham Lazalere guilty of sedition. Joseph pleaded guilty but Abraham went to
trial and was acquitted.[89]
At Charlotteville,
Norfolk County
John
Beemer and Joseph Willcocks were charged with sedition. In 1811, Joseph had told Mr. Backhouse of
Walsingham that he had a power of attorney from the Six Nations on the Grand
River to act as their agent and that they would stand with him when the country
would soon be taken by the Americans. He
also declared that few settlers would defend the country at that time and that
he was collecting money to aid the invasion.[90]
August 27, 1812
On the
Niagara Frontier
William
McCay recorded, “An alarm was made about 2 oclock last night & all that was
able was under arms. We were marched up
the river about a mile while it rained pretty fast. It was expected the Americans were attempting
to cross the river by their movements, but it all proved to be nothing. We tarried the remainder of the night in a
stone house a mile and a half about Chippaway, but being wet and cold we slept
but little. My Comrade, Ireland, has
been very unwell for several days & this morning I made some tea which we
brought from Detroit, and we had a comfortable breakfast. It took us a long time to get in order for
marching and we came but slowly sot that it was 12 oclock ere we reached
Queenston. We were not allowed to stop
at the camp, except those who were not able to go on. By the middle of the afternoon we arrived at
Fort Niagara. It appeared the whole town
moved towards us. Several of our friends
met us there who was much rejoiced to see us return safe. We were much fatigued and covered with dust
but our Officers treated us very liberally & we got in the baggage waggons
and returned to Queenston in high spirits.
The Americans have built a great number of tents opposite Queenston but
it is said there is not many troops arrived.
Some deserters having come over lately brought the intellingence.” [91]
William
or the transcriber mistook Fort George for Fort Niagara.
August 28, 1812
“Slept
very well last night in the Officer’s tent and after getting a good breakfast
feel much refreshed. We are told that we
shall be dismissed in a few days and return home which pleases us very well. I received two letters this evening from my
Brother Nages, the other from my wife.
Our friends are all well and express much satisfaction on the account of
the success of the expedition we were engaged in.” [92]
In the
Indiana Territory
In
the Indiana Territory, the assistant trade factor at Fort Wayne was killed
about a mile from the fort. On the 26th,
word had reached the fort about the fall of Fort Dearborn. Women and children were being evacuated to
Ohio.
The
Potawatomi and Miami tribes would attack the following week.[93]
August 29, 1812
On the
Niagara Frontier
A short
report from William McCay, “I have caught a cold and do not feel well & my
comrade Ireland was put in the hospital in Queenston.” [94]
Private
John Ireland of Nelson Township was about thirty years old at the time and served
in a flank company of the 2nd York Militia. He was on furlough from September 25th
to November 24th from Captain John Chisholm’s Flank Company, which
might suggest that he was not yet fit for duty.[95]
William
McCay, Thomas Corner, and John Ireland were all from Nelson Township. As they were among the few men mentioned by
name in his journal, William probably knew them well.
In York
Alexander
Wood, a merchant in York, reported that groceries were scarce in the town.[96]
August 30, 1812
William
McCay joined Ireland, “We were paraded and our arms examined this morning. They still give us encouragement of our going
home. The afternoon was cool and rainy. I went to the Hospital and tarried all
night.”
William
added an extra day to the month and reported on August 31st, “We
were paraded at 9 oclock, & again at 11, all in marching order, having our
knapsacks & blankets on our backs.
Several of our company have taken sick since we returned from Detroit.” [97]
In York
Township
During
August, Ely Playter in York Township suffered a swollen foot, had his mare
shod, bought some whiskey and flour, drew in his hay, took up his wheat and
drew it into the barn, made some brushes, hoed his potatoes, threshed his
wheat, took it to the mill, and had it ground.
As a lieutenant in the 3rd York
Militia he read the Militia Act to his company and ordered drills.[98]
In
Ancaster Township
Benjamin Smith in Ancaster Township raked and bound
hay with his neighbours, brought in 1333 sheaves of wheat, fixed his wagon
while it rained, began thrashing, cleaning, and drying his wheat, killed a hog
while it rained again, hauled in his rye, mowed grass, and harried his fields.
He attended 2 Sunday meetings and read his Book on
those Sundays that he stayed home.[99]
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[1] Lieut. Col. William
McCay’s Journal 1812-1814, Quick March to Glory,
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[2] Upper Canada Land Petition, http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/microform-digitization/006003-119.01-e.php?q2=29&q3=2543&sqn=1016&tt=1031&PHPSESSID=jetafhjr5t7k6julbgplem21i6 accessed Nov. 15,
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[3] Collections Canada,
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[4] Forces of Lord
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[5] The Fife and Drum, The
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[7] Major John Richardson,
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